EMPLOYMENT TRENDY IN INDIA

Employment trends in India from SHIBA SHANKAR PATTAYAT

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE MARCH 2015

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE MARCH 2015

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MONEY AND CAPITAL MARKET

MONEY MARKET AND CAPITAL MARKET REFORMS IN INDIA

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FISCAL DEFICIT IN INDIA

FISCAL DEFICIT IN INDIA

Fiscal deficit in india from akhilareddy176

IMPLICATIONS OF TRIPS AGREEMENT ON INDIA

 IMPLICATIONS OF TRIPS AGREEMENT ON INDIA

MAIN THEME OF RESEARCH ARTICLE

The Uruguay Round (1986 – 1994) was the turning poi nt in the history of Intellectual Property Rights. This round included the Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights under which minimum uniform laws are to be carried out. The Agreement on TRIPs came into force on 1 January 1995 and is to be implemented over a six-year period ending 31 December 2000 for developed countries and over a ten-year period ending 31 December 2004 for developing countriesIndia has always remained committed to the WTO and in every sphere; it has stood by those commitments. Going by such commitments to the WTO, India has amended its Intellectual Property Laws. Apart from meeting WTO obligations India has placed this new regime due to its economic rational. It enables pioneering firms lead time to recoup sunk cost on research and development1. India is ranked as the fastest emerging economy and a major global player in the years to come. The country has the largest scientific and technical human resources among top five countries in the world. India cannot afford to remain in isolation, disregarding the norms of international intellectual property rights convention. A careful consideration is equally essential in the future interest of macro-level development.

TRIPs was one of the most contentious issues in the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, which was concluded in 1994 at Marrakesh. As a member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and having signed the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT), India has agreed to comply with all the instruments and annexes of GATT, including Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs).Because of WTO, India has to amend its intellectual property laws .India was forced to comply with the TRIPs agreement. After the formation of WTO in 1995, the India being its member has to implement the TRIPs agreement in toto. The commitment under TRIPs agreement compelled India to amend its intellectual property laws. India has implemented the TRIPs by amending its intellectual property laws mainly patent thrice.

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PURPOSE, OBJECTIVE AND FUNCTIONS OF SECURITY EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA(SEBI)

PURPOSE, OBJECTIVE AND FUNCTIONS OF SECURITY EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA(SEBI)

SEBI

The Purpose, Objective and Functions of SEBI:

Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was set up in 1988 to regulate the functions of securities market. SEBI promotes orderly and healthy development in the stock market but initially SEBI was not able to exercise complete control over the stock market transactions.

It was left as a watch dog to observe the activities but was found ineffective in regulating and controlling them. As a result in May 1992, SEBI was granted legal status. SEBI is a body corporate having a separate legal existence and perpetual succession.

Reasons for Establishment of SEBI:

With the growth in the dealings of stock markets, lot of malpractices also started in stock markets such as price rigging, ‘unofficial premium on new issue, and delay in delivery of shares, violation of rules and regulations of stock exchange and listing requirements. Due to these malpractices the customers started losing confidence and faith in the stock exchange. So government of India decided to set up an agency or regulatory body known as Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

Purpose and Role of SEBI:

SEBI was set up with the main purpose of keeping a check on malpractices and protect the interest of investors. It was set up to meet the needs of three groups.

1. Issuers:

For issuers it provides a market place in which they can raise finance fairly and easily.

2. Investors:

For investors it provides protection and supply of accurate and correct information.

3. Intermediaries:

For intermediaries it provides a competitive professional market.

Objectives of SEBI:

The overall objectives of SEBI are to protect the interest of investors and to promote the development of stock exchange and to regulate the activities of stock market. The objectives of SEBI are

1. To regulate the activities of stock exchange.

2. To protect the rights of investors and ensuring safety to their investment.

3. To prevent fraudulent and malpractices by having balance between self regulation of business and its statutory regulations.

4. To regulate and develop a code of conduct for intermediaries such as brokers, underwriters, etc.

Functions of SEBI:

The SEBI performs functions to meet its objectives. To meet three objectives SEBI has three important functions. These are:

i. Protective functions

ii. Developmental functions

iii. Regulatory functions.

1. Protective Functions:

These functions are performed by SEBI to protect the interest of investor and provide safety of investment.

As protective functions SEBI performs following functions:

(i) It Checks Price Rigging:

Price rigging refers to manipulating the prices of securities with the main objective of inflating or depressing the market price of securities. SEBI prohibits such practice because this can defraud and cheat the investors.

(ii) It Prohibits Insider trading:

Insider is any person connected with the company such as directors, promoters etc. These insiders have sensitive information which affects the prices of the securities. This information is not available to people at large but the insiders get this privileged information by working inside the company and if they use this information to make profit, then it is known as insider trading, e.g., the directors of a company may know that company will issue Bonus shares to its shareholders at the end of year and they purchase shares from market to make profit with bonus issue. This is known as insider trading. SEBI keeps a strict check when insiders are buying securities of the company and takes strict action on insider trading.

(iii) SEBI prohibits fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices:

SEBI does not allow the companies to make misleading statements which are likely to induce the sale or purchase of securities by any other person.

(iv) SEBI undertakes steps to educate investors so that they are able to evaluate the securities of various companies and select the most profitable securities.

(v) SEBI promotes fair practices and code of conduct in security market by taking following steps:

(a) SEBI has issued guidelines to protect the interest of debenture-holders wherein companies cannot change terms in midterm.

(b) SEBI is empowered to investigate cases of insider trading and has provisions for stiff fine and imprisonment.

(c) SEBI has stopped the practice of making preferential allotment of shares unrelated to market prices

2. Developmental Functions:

These functions are performed by the SEBI to promote and develop activities in stock exchange and increase the business in stock exchange. Under developmental categories following functions are performed by SEBI:

(i) SEBI promotes training of intermediaries of the securities market.

(ii) SEBI tries to promote activities of stock exchange by adopting flexible and adoptable approach in following way:

(a) SEBI has permitted internet trading through registered stock brokers.

(b) SEBI has made underwriting optional to reduce the cost of issue.

(c) Even initial public offer of primary market is permitted through stock exchange.

3. Regulatory Functions:

These functions are performed by SEBI to regulate the business in stock exchange. To regulate the activities of stock exchange following functions are performed:

(i) SEBI has framed rules and regulations and a code of conduct to regulate the intermediaries such as merchant bankers, brokers, underwriters, etc.

(ii) These intermediaries have been brought under the regulatory purview and private placement has been made more restrictive.

(iii) SEBI registers and regulates the working of stock brokers, sub-brokers, share transfer agents, trustees, merchant bankers and all those who are associated with stock exchange in any manner.

(iv) SEBI registers and regulates the working of mutual funds etc.

(v) SEBI regulates takeover of the companies.

(vi) SEBI conducts inquiries and audit of stock exchanges.

The Organisational Structure of SEBI:

1. SEBI is working as a corporate sector.

2. Its activities are divided into five departments. Each department is headed by an executive director.

3. The head office of SEBI is in Mumbai and it has branch office in Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi.

4. SEBI has formed two advisory committees to deal with primary and secondary markets.

5. These committees consist of market players, investors associations and eminent persons.

Objectives of the two Committees are:

1. To advise SEBI to regulate intermediaries.

2. To advise SEBI on issue of securities in primary market.

3. To advise SEBI on disclosure requirements of companies.

4. To advise for changes in legal framework and to make stock exchange more transparent.

5. To advise on matters related to regulation and development of secondary stock exchange.

These committees can only advise SEBI but they cannot force SEBI to take action on their advice.

                                                

IMPACT OF ECONOMIC REFORMS PPT

Presented By: Ajay Kumar Sahu Designed By: Shiba Shankar Pattayat

ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF RESERVE BANK OF INDIA (RBI)

Role and Function of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI):

   In every country there is one organization which works as the central bank. The function of the central bank of a country is to control and monitor the banking and financial system of the country. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the Central Bank.

   The RBI was established in 1935. It was nationalised in 1949. The RBI plays role of regulator of the banking system in India. The Banking Regulation Act 1949 and the RBI Act 1953 has given the RBI the power to regulate the banking system.
     The RBI has different functions in different roles. Below, we share and discuss some of the functions of the RBI.

RBI is the Regulator of Financial System:

           The RBI regulates the Indian banking and financial system by issuing broad guidelines and instructions. The objectives of these regulations include:

• Controlling money supply in the system,
• Monitoring different key indicators like GDP and inflation,
• Maintaining people’s confidence in the banking and financial system, and
• Providing different tools for customers’ help, such as acting as the “Banking Ombudsman.”

RBI is the Issuer of Monetary Policy:

The RBI formulates monetary policy twice a year. It reviews the policy every quarter as well. The main objectives of monitoring monetary policy are:

• Inflation control
• Control on bank credit
• Interest rate control

The tools used for implementation of the objectives of monetary policy are:

• Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR),
• Open market operations,
• Different Rates such as repo rate, reverse repo rate, and bank rate.

RBI is the Issuer of Currency:

Section 22 of the RBI Act gives authority to the RBI to issue currency notes. The RBI also takes action to control circulation of fake currency.

RBI is the Controller and Supervisor of Banking Systems:

The RBI has been assigned the role of controlling and supervising the bank system in India. The RBI is responsible for controlling the overall operations of all banks in India. These banks may be:

• Public sector banks
• Private sector banks
• Foreign banks
• Co-operative banks, or
• Regional rural banks

The control and supervisory roles of the Reserve Bank of India is done through the following:

• Issue Of Licence: Under the Banking Regulation Act 1949, the RBI has been given powers to grant licenses to commence new banking operations. The RBI also grants licenses to open new branches for existing banks. Under the licensing policy, the RBI provides banking services in areas that do not have this facility.
• Prudential Norms: The RBI issues guidelines for credit control and management. The RBI is a member of the Banking Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). As such, they are responsible for implementation of international standards of capital adequacy norms and asset classification.
• Corporate Governance: The RBI has power to control the appointment of the chairman and directors of banks in India. The RBI has powers to appoint additional directors in banks as well.
• KYC Norms: To curb money laundering and prevent the use of the banking system for financial crimes, The RBI has “Know Your Customer“ guidelines. Every bank has to ensure KYC norms are applied before allowing someone to open an account.
• Transparency Norms: This means that every bank has to disclose their charges for providing services and customers have the right to know these charges.
• Risk Management: The RBI provides guidelines to banks for taking the steps that are necessary to mitigate risk. They do this through risk management in basel norms.
• Audit and Inspection: The procedure of audit and inspection is controlled by the RBI through off-site and on-site monitoring system. On-site inspection is done by the RBI on the basis of “CAMELS”. Capital adequacy; Asset quality; Management; Earning; Liquidity; System and control.
• Foreign Exchange Control: The RBI plays a crucial role in foreign exchange transactions. It does due diligence on every foreign transaction, including the inflow and outflow of foreign exchange. It takes steps to stop the fall in value of the Indian Rupee. The RBI also takes necessary steps to control the current account deficit. They also give support to promote export and the RBI provides a variety of options for NRIs.
• Development: Being the banker of the Government of India, the RBI is responsible for implementation of the government’s policies related to agriculture and rural development. The RBI also ensures the flow of credit to other priority sectors as well. Section 54 of the RBI gives stress on giving specialized support for rural development. Priority sector lending is also in key focus area of the RBI.

Apart from the above, the RBI publishes periodical review and data related to banking. The role and functions of the RBI cannot be described in a brief write up. The RBI plays a very important role in every aspect related to banking and finance. Finally the control of NBFCs and others in the financial world is also assigned with RBI.

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WHAT IS FOREIGN TRADE ? TYPES OF FOREIGN TRADE AND DISCUSS THE SALIENT FEATURES OF FOREIGN TRADE.

DEFINITION:

             Foreign trade is nothing but trade between the different countries of the world. It is also called as International trade, External trade or Inter-Regional trade. It consists of imports, exports and entrepot. The inflow of goods in a country is called import trade whereas outflow of goods from a country is called export trade. Many times goods are imported for the purpose of re-export after some processing operations. This is called entrepot trade. Foreign trade basically takes place for mutual satisfaction of wants and utilities of resources.

          According to Wasserman and Haltman, “International trade consists of transaction between residents of different countries”.

According to Anatol Marad, “International trade is a trade between nations”.

According to Eugeworth, “International trade means trade between nations”.

Types of Foreign Trade:

    Foreign Trade can be divided into following three groups :-

Import Trade : Import trade refers to purchase of goods by one country from another country or inflow of goods and services from foreign country to home country.

Export Trade : Export trade refers to the sale of goods by one country to another country or outflow of goods from home country to foreign country.

Entrepot Trade : Entrepot trade is also known as Re-export. It refers to purchase of goods from one country and then selling them to another country after some processing operations.

main Features of India’s Foreign Trade:

1) Increasing Share of Gross National Income:

                  India’s foreign trade plays an important role in the Gross National Income.

In 1990-91, share of India’s foreign trade (import export) in net national income was 17 per cent which in 2006-07 rose to 25 per cent. In 2006-07 exports and imports as percentage of GDP were 14.0 per cent and 21 per cent respectively.

2)Less Percentage of World Trade:

        Share of India’s foreign trade in world trade has been declining. In 1950-51, India’s share in total import trade of the world was 1.8 per cent and in export trade it was 2 per cent. According to World Trade Statistics, India’s share in world trade has gone-up from 1.4 per cent in 2004 to 1.5 per cent in 2006 and estimated to be 2 per cent in 2009.

3)Oceanic Trade:

             Most of India’s trade is by sea, India has very little trade relations with its neighing countries like Nepal, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, etc. Thus, 68 per cent of India’s trade is oceanic trade: Share of these neighing countries in our export trade was 21.8 per cent and in import trade 19.1 per cent.

4) Dependence on a Few Ports:

                    For its foreign trade, India depends mostly on Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai ports. These ports are therefore, over-crowded. Recently, India has developed Kandla, Cochin, and Visakhapatnam ports to lessen the burden on former ports.

5)Increase in Volume and Value of Trade:

                   Since 1990-91, volume and value of India’s foreign trade has gone up. India now exports and imports goods which are several times more in value and volume. In 1990-91, total value of India’s foreign trade was Rs 75,751 and in 2008-09, it rose to Rs 22, 15,191 crore. Of it, value of exports was Rs 8, 40,755 crore and that of imports was Rs 13, 74,436 crore.

6) Change in the Composition of Exports:

                         Since independence, composition of export trade of India has undergone a change. Prior to independence, India used to export agricultural products and raw materials, like jute, cotton, tea, oil seeds, leather, food grains, cashew nuts, and mineral products. It also exported manufactured goods. But now in its export kitty are included mostly manufactured items like, machines, ready-made garments, gems and jewellery, tea, jute manufactures, Cashew Kernels, electronic goods, especially hardware’s and software’s which occupy prime place in exports.

7) Change in the Composition of Imports:

                       Since Independence, composition of India’s import trade has also witnessed a sea change. Prior to Independence, India used to import mostly consumption goods like medicines, cloth, motor vehicles, electrical goods, iron, steel, etc. Now it has been importing mostly petrol and petroleum products, machines, chemicals-, fertilizers, oil seeds, raw materials, steel, edible oils, etc.

8) Direction of Foreign Trade:

             It refers to the countries with whom a country trades. Main changes in the direction of foreign trade are as under:

       In the year 1990, in exports the maximum share, i.e., 17.9 per cent was that of Eastern Europe, i.e., Romania, East Germany, and U.S.S.R., etc. In import trade, maximum share, i.e., 16.5 per cent was that of OPEC, i.e., Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, etc. In 2008-09, the largest share in India’s foreign trade (both imports and exports) was that of European Union (EU), i.e., Germany, Belgium, France, U.K., etc., and developing countries. Now, U.A.E., China and U.S.A. have occupied important place in India’s foreign trade. The importance of England, Russia, etc., has declined.

9) Mounting Deficit in Balance of Trade:

             Since 1950-51, India’s balance of trade has been continuously adverse except for two years, viz., 1972-73 and 1976-77, besides it has been mounting year after year. In 1950-51 balance of trade was adverse to the tune of Rs 2 crore and by 1990-1991 it rose to Rs 16,933 crore. After the policy of liberalization, the country has witnessed a rapid increase in it. In 1999- 2000 it rose to Rs 77,359crorc and in 2008-09 it amounted to 5, 33,680 crore. Fast rise in the value of imports and slow rise in the value of exports accounted for this tremendous rise in balance of trade deficit.

10) Trend towards Globalization:

              Globalization and diversification mark the latest trend of India’s foreign trade. India’s foreign trade is no longer confined or a few goods or a few countries. Presently, India exports 7,500 items to about 190 countries and in its import- kitty there are 6,000 items from 140 countries. It unveiled the changing pattern of India’s foreign trade.

11) Changing Role of Public Sector:

                     Since 1991 the role of public sector in India’s foreign trade has undergone a change. Prior to it, State Trading Corporation (STC), Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation (MMTC), Handicraft and Handloom Corporation, Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL), Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT), Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited (BHEL), etc., used to play significant role in India’s foreign trade. As a result of implementation of the policy of liberalization, the importance of all these public sector enterprises has diminished.

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